Exploration of the trait analysis for trait synchrony.
Parameters: environmental correction is FALSE.
Check all hypotheses between traits and environmental drivers, and among traits
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arthropods (above, herbivores) | ||||||||||||||||
| SLA | ++ | D |
|
NA |
|
NA | 0.35 | 0.2 - 0.5 | 0.0000671 | ✅ | 0.48 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.35 | 0.2 - 0.5 | ✅ |
| Seed_mass | – | D |
|
Diaz et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.29 | -0.45 - -0.14 | 0.0008729 | ✅ | -0.37 | -0.35 | 0.04 | -0.29 | -0.45 - -0.14 | ✅ |
| LDMC | – | D | Tougher = slow | NA | NA | NA | -0.36 | -0.51 - -0.21 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | -0.37 | -0.52 | 0.01 | -0.36 | -0.51 - -0.21 | ✅ |
| LeafN | ++ | D | NA | NA |
|
Diaz et al. 2016 | 0.48 | 0.34 - 0.62 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.47 | 0.56 | 0.03 | 0.48 | 0.34 - 0.62 | ✅ |
| Arthropods (above, omnicarnivores) | ||||||||||||||||
| LeafP | ++ | D | NA | NA |
|
NA | 0.53 | 0.39 - 0.66 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.41 | 0.53 | 0.14 | 0.53 | 0.39 - 0.66 | ✅ |
| Root_tissue_density | – | D | NA | NA |
|
Bergmann et al. 2020 | -0.27 | -0.42 - -0.11 | 0.0024022 | ✅ | -0.38 | -0.12 | 0.02 | -0.27 | -0.42 - -0.11 | ✅ |
| Arthropods (below, herbivores) | ||||||||||||||||
| Aoc_BodySize | – | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.08 | -0.08 - 0.25 | 0.4014453 | Inconclusive | 0.11 | -0.27 | 0.08 | 0.08 | -0.08 - 0.25 | Inconclusive |
| Aoc_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.32 | 0.17 - 0.48 | 0.0003525 | ✅ | 0.67 | 0.34 | -0.27 | 0.32 | 0.17 - 0.48 | ✅ |
| Ah_BodySize | +/- | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.26 | -0.42 - -0.1 | 0.0030785 | B | -0.26 | -0.28 | -0.03 | -0.26 | -0.42 - -0.1 | B |
| Arthropods (below, predators) | ||||||||||||||||
| Ah_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.28 | 0.13 - 0.44 | 0.0012847 | ✅ | 0.32 | 0.45 | -0.04 | 0.28 | 0.13 - 0.44 | ✅ |
| Ah_Generalism | ++ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.39 | 0.24 - 0.54 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.14 | 0.41 | 0.21 | 0.39 | 0.24 - 0.54 | ✅ |
| Bats | ||||||||||||||||
| Ah_Generations | ++ | I | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.54 | 0.4 - 0.68 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.81 | 0.47 | -0.12 | 0.54 | 0.4 - 0.68 | ✅ |
| Aoc_b_BodySize | – | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.01 | -0.17 - 0.15 | 0.9357700 | Inconclusive | 0.13 | 0.02 | -0.08 | -0.01 | -0.17 - 0.15 | Inconclusive |
| Aoc_b_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.11 | -0.05 - 0.27 | 0.2588871 | Inconclusive | -0.04 | -0.05 | 0.18 | 0.11 | -0.05 - 0.27 | Inconclusive |
| Birds (insectivorous) | ||||||||||||||||
| Ah_b_BodySize | – | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.28 | -0.46 - -0.1 | 0.0062122 | ✅ | -0.43 | -0.44 | 0.22 | -0.25 | -0.41 - -0.09 | ✅ |
| Ah_b_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.16 | -0.02 - 0.35 | 0.1305387 | Inconclusive | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.15 | -0.01 - 0.32 | Inconclusive |
| Ah_b_Generalism | ++ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | -0.09 | -0.28 - 0.1 | 0.4416857 | Inconclusive | 0.13 | 0.03 | -0.28 | -0.09 | -0.28 - 0.1 | Inconclusive |
| Bi_Size | ++ | NA | more = fast | NA | NA | NA | 0.31 | 0.16 - 0.47 | 0.0005640 | ✅ | 0.30 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.31 | 0.16 - 0.47 | ✅ |
| Bi_Incub | ++ | NA | more = disturbance | NA | NA | NA | 0.18 | 0.02 - 0.34 | 0.0518988 | ✔ | 0.32 | 0.07 | -0.03 | 0.18 | 0.02 - 0.34 | ✔ |
| Butterflies | ||||||||||||||||
| Bi_TOffsprings | – | I | Small = fast | NA | NA | NA | -0.15 | -0.31 - 0.01 | 0.1079747 | Inconclusive | -0.38 | -0.06 | 0.10 | -0.15 | -0.31 - 0.01 | Inconclusive |
| Bi_GenLength | – | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.27 | 0.11 - 0.42 | 0.0029932 | ❌ | 0.32 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.27 | 0.11 - 0.42 | ❌ |
| Bi_AgeMax | – | I | Small = fast | NA | NA | NA | 0.30 | 0.15 - 0.46 | 0.0007231 | ❌ | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.30 | 0.15 - 0.46 | ❌ |
| but_flight | ++ | NA | Early emergence favorable bc disturbance starts early | Börschig et al. 2013 | NA | NA | 0.25 | 0.09 - 0.41 | 0.0047448 | ✅ | 0.77 | 0.36 | -0.37 | 0.25 | 0.09 - 0.41 | ✅ |
| but_GenYear | ++ | NA | High reproduction can compensate mortality due to disturbance | Börschig et al. 2013 | NA | NA | 0.23 | 0.07 - 0.39 | 0.0104904 | ✅ | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.23 | 0.07 - 0.39 | ✅ |
| Collembola | ||||||||||||||||
| but_hibernation | ++ | NA | Later hibernation stage means butterflies ready before disturbance | NA | NA | NA | 0.24 | 0.08 - 0.4 | 0.0062122 | ✅ | 0.73 | 0.30 | -0.33 | 0.25 | 0.09 - 0.41 | ✅ |
| but_Size | ++ | NA | Larger wings = more dispersal | Börschig et al. 2013 | NA | NA | -0.12 | -0.28 - 0.05 | 0.2292461 | Inconclusive | 0.06 | 0.07 | -0.21 | -0.13 | -0.29 - 0.03 | Inconclusive |
| but_Generalism | ++ | NA | NA | NA | High nutrients = low plant diversity, hence more generalists | NA | 0.28 | 0.12 - 0.44 | 0.0018800 | ✅ | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.28 | 0.12 - 0.44 | ✅ |
| col_Sex | – | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.01 | -0.16 - 0.18 | 0.9411600 | Inconclusive | 0.03 | 0.08 | -0.04 | 0.01 | -0.16 - 0.17 | Inconclusive |
| Microbes | ||||||||||||||||
| col_Gen_per_Year | ++ | NA | Furca = escape disturbance | NA | NA | NA | -0.09 | -0.26 - 0.08 | 0.3999297 | Inconclusive | 0.26 | -0.01 | -0.30 | -0.09 | -0.26 - 0.08 | Inconclusive |
| col_Depth | ++ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | -0.01 | -0.18 - 0.16 | 0.9285170 | Inconclusive | -0.07 | -0.09 | 0.06 | -0.01 | -0.18 - 0.16 | Inconclusive |
| col_Size | – | NA | a/ more resources or b/ selected | NA | NA | NA | 0.04 | -0.13 - 0.21 | 0.7161345 | Inconclusive | -0.23 | -0.09 | 0.24 | 0.04 | -0.13 - 0.21 | Inconclusive |
| mites_DaysAdult | – | NA | longer lifespan = slow | NA | NA | NA | -0.05 | -0.22 - 0.12 | 0.6927679 | Inconclusive | 0.08 | -0.14 | -0.06 | -0.05 | -0.22 - 0.12 | Inconclusive |
| mites_Mass | – | NA | Mass = size = slow | NA | NA | NA | -0.16 | -0.32 - 0.01 | 0.1046641 | Inconclusive | 0.19 | -0.12 | -0.30 | -0.16 | -0.32 - 0.01 | Inconclusive |
| Mites | ||||||||||||||||
| mites_Sex | – | I | Habitat openness = sexual repro, more LUI = more growth | NA | NA | NA | 0.01 | -0.16 - 0.18 | 0.9351016 | Inconclusive | 0.28 | 0.01 | -0.21 | 0.01 | -0.16 - 0.18 | Inconclusive |
| mites_Hab_spec | ++ | NA | more disturbance = more in the soil | NA | NA | NA | -0.03 | -0.2 - 0.14 | 0.8138542 | Inconclusive | -0.05 | -0.10 | 0.02 | -0.03 | -0.2 - 0.14 | Inconclusive |
| mites_Feed_spec | ++ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.12 | -0.04 - 0.29 | 0.2139969 | Inconclusive | 0.23 | 0.07 | -0.06 | 0.12 | -0.04 - 0.29 | Inconclusive |
| P_patho | ++ | NA | More bacteria = more bacterivores | NA | NA | NA | 0.46 | 0.32 - 0.61 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.45 | 0.40 | 0.08 | 0.46 | 0.32 - 0.61 | ✅ |
| Pb_Size | – | NA | a/ More nutrients = more resources to grow. b/ Disturbance selects smaller size | NA | NA | NA | -0.27 | -0.43 - -0.11 | 0.0022118 | ✅ | -0.24 | -0.09 | -0.14 | -0.27 | -0.43 - -0.11 | ✅ |
| Plants (AG) | ||||||||||||||||
| Ps_Size | – | NA | a/ More nutrients = more resources to grow. b/ Disturbance selects smaller size | NA | NA | NA | -0.31 | -0.46 - -0.15 | 0.0005875 | ✅ | -0.06 | -0.15 | -0.28 | -0.31 | -0.46 - -0.15 | ✅ |
| mic_FB | – | D and I | Fungi slower than bacteria, linked to slow plant traits | NA | Fungi dominate in low-nutrient soils; associated with slow plants | de Vries et al. 2006, de Vries et al. 2012, Boeddinghaus et al. 2019 | -0.24 | -0.4 - -0.08 | 0.0062863 | ✅ | -0.47 | -0.43 | 0.20 | -0.24 | -0.4 - -0.08 | ✅ |
| mic_Fpathotroph | ++ | NA | Fast= more parasites | check https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23605-y | Fast plant invest less in defenses, so more pathogens | NA | 0.31 | 0.15 - 0.46 | 0.0005640 | ✅ | 0.21 | 0.51 | 0.05 | 0.31 | 0.15 - 0.46 | ✅ |
| mic_O.C.ratio | – | NA | NA | NA |
|
Check Neff 2015, Ramirez 2010, Fierer 2012 | -0.04 | -0.2 - 0.12 | 0.6947517 | Inconclusive | 0.07 | -0.12 | -0.03 | -0.04 | -0.2 - 0.12 | Inconclusive |
| mic_Bvolume | +/- | D | a/ small cells more efficient for diffusive uptake (-) OR b/ for a given substrate demand, large radius compensates low substrate concentrations | Westoby et al. 2021 | NA | NA | -0.31 | -0.46 - -0.15 | 0.0005875 | B | -0.09 | -0.10 | -0.25 | -0.31 | -0.46 - -0.15 | B |
| Plants (BG) | ||||||||||||||||
| mic_Bgenome_size | – | D | NA | NA |
|
Leff et al. 2015; Konstantinidis (2004) | -0.04 | -0.21 - 0.12 | 0.6947517 | Inconclusive | -0.27 | -0.48 | 0.33 | -0.04 | -0.21 - 0.12 | Inconclusive |
| Protists | ||||||||||||||||
| bat_mass | – | NA | Large more sensitive to disturbance BUT large less sensitive to urbanisation?? | Farneda et al. 2015, Moir et al. 2021 , Jung et al 2018 | NA | NA | -0.17 | -0.33 - -0.01 | 0.0624926 | ✔ | 0.03 | 0.14 | -0.29 | -0.17 | -0.33 - -0.01 | ✔ |
| Protists bacterivores | ||||||||||||||||
| bat_lifespan | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.06 | -0.1 - 0.23 | 0.5392508 | Inconclusive | -0.18 | -0.30 | 0.30 | 0.06 | -0.1 - 0.23 | Inconclusive |
| Protists predators | ||||||||||||||||
| bat_offspring | ++ | NA | opposite to size | NA | NA | NA | -0.16 | -0.32 - 0.01 | 0.0983643 | Inconclusive | 0.15 | 0.27 | -0.39 | -0.16 | -0.32 - 0.01 | Inconclusive |
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plants (AG) | ||||||||||||||||
| SLA | ++ | D |
|
NA |
|
NA | 0.35 | 0.2 - 0.5 | 0.0000671 | ✅ | 0.48 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.35 | 0.2 - 0.5 | ✅ |
| Seed_mass | – | D |
|
Diaz et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.29 | -0.45 - -0.14 | 0.0008729 | ✅ | -0.37 | -0.35 | 0.04 | -0.29 | -0.45 - -0.14 | ✅ |
| LDMC | – | D | Tougher = slow | NA | NA | NA | -0.36 | -0.51 - -0.21 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | -0.37 | -0.52 | 0.01 | -0.36 | -0.51 - -0.21 | ✅ |
| LeafN | ++ | D | NA | NA |
|
Diaz et al. 2016 | 0.48 | 0.34 - 0.62 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.47 | 0.56 | 0.03 | 0.48 | 0.34 - 0.62 | ✅ |
| LeafP | ++ | D | NA | NA |
|
NA | 0.53 | 0.39 - 0.66 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.41 | 0.53 | 0.14 | 0.53 | 0.39 - 0.66 | ✅ |
| Plants (BG) | ||||||||||||||||
| Root_tissue_density | – | D | NA | NA |
|
Bergmann et al. 2020 | -0.27 | -0.42 - -0.11 | 0.0024022 | ✅ | -0.38 | -0.12 | 0.02 | -0.27 | -0.42 - -0.11 | ✅ |
## [1] "Plants, All"
## Registered S3 methods overwritten by 'car':
## method from
## influence.merMod lme4
## cooks.distance.influence.merMod lme4
## dfbeta.influence.merMod lme4
## dfbetas.influence.merMod lme4
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microbes | ||||||||||||||||
| mic_FB | – | D and I | Fungi slower than bacteria, linked to slow plant traits | NA | Fungi dominate in low-nutrient soils; associated with slow plants | de Vries et al. 2006, de Vries et al. 2012, Boeddinghaus et al. 2019 | -0.24 | -0.4 - -0.08 | 0.0062863 | ✅ | -0.47 | -0.43 | 0.20 | -0.24 | -0.4 - -0.08 | ✅ |
| mic_Fpathotroph | ++ | NA | Fast= more parasites | check https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23605-y | Fast plant invest less in defenses, so more pathogens | NA | 0.31 | 0.15 - 0.46 | 0.0005640 | ✅ | 0.21 | 0.51 | 0.05 | 0.31 | 0.15 - 0.46 | ✅ |
| mic_O.C.ratio | – | NA | NA | NA |
|
Check Neff 2015, Ramirez 2010, Fierer 2012 | -0.04 | -0.2 - 0.12 | 0.6947517 | Inconclusive | 0.07 | -0.12 | -0.03 | -0.04 | -0.2 - 0.12 | Inconclusive |
| mic_Bvolume | +/- | D | a/ small cells more efficient for diffusive uptake (-) OR b/ for a given substrate demand, large radius compensates low substrate concentrations | Westoby et al. 2021 | NA | NA | -0.31 | -0.46 - -0.15 | 0.0005875 | B | -0.09 | -0.10 | -0.25 | -0.31 | -0.46 - -0.15 | B |
| mic_Bgenome_size | – | D | NA | NA |
|
Leff et al. 2015; Konstantinidis (2004) | -0.04 | -0.21 - 0.12 | 0.6947517 | Inconclusive | -0.27 | -0.48 | 0.33 | -0.04 | -0.21 - 0.12 | Inconclusive |
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arthropods (above, herbivores) | ||||||||||||||||
| Aoc_BodySize | – | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.08 | -0.08 - 0.25 | 0.4014453 | Inconclusive | 0.11 | -0.27 | 0.08 | 0.08 | -0.08 - 0.25 | Inconclusive |
| Aoc_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.32 | 0.17 - 0.48 | 0.0003525 | ✅ | 0.67 | 0.34 | -0.27 | 0.32 | 0.17 - 0.48 | ✅ |
| Ah_BodySize | +/- | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.26 | -0.42 - -0.1 | 0.0030785 | B | -0.26 | -0.28 | -0.03 | -0.26 | -0.42 - -0.1 | B |
| Ah_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.28 | 0.13 - 0.44 | 0.0012847 | ✅ | 0.32 | 0.45 | -0.04 | 0.28 | 0.13 - 0.44 | ✅ |
| Arthropods (above, omnicarnivores) | ||||||||||||||||
| Ah_Generalism | ++ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.39 | 0.24 - 0.54 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.14 | 0.41 | 0.21 | 0.39 | 0.24 - 0.54 | ✅ |
| Ah_Generations | ++ | I | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.54 | 0.4 - 0.68 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.81 | 0.47 | -0.12 | 0.54 | 0.4 - 0.68 | ✅ |
| Arthropods (below, herbivores) | ||||||||||||||||
| Aoc_b_BodySize | – | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.01 | -0.17 - 0.15 | 0.9357700 | Inconclusive | 0.13 | 0.02 | -0.08 | -0.01 | -0.17 - 0.15 | Inconclusive |
| Aoc_b_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.11 | -0.05 - 0.27 | 0.2588871 | Inconclusive | -0.04 | -0.05 | 0.18 | 0.11 | -0.05 - 0.27 | Inconclusive |
| Ah_b_BodySize | – | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.28 | -0.46 - -0.1 | 0.0062122 | ✅ | -0.43 | -0.44 | 0.22 | -0.25 | -0.41 - -0.09 | ✅ |
| Arthropods (below, predators) | ||||||||||||||||
| Ah_b_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.16 | -0.02 - 0.35 | 0.1305387 | Inconclusive | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.15 | -0.01 - 0.32 | Inconclusive |
| Ah_b_Generalism | ++ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | -0.09 | -0.28 - 0.1 | 0.4416857 | Inconclusive | 0.13 | 0.03 | -0.28 | -0.09 | -0.28 - 0.1 | Inconclusive |
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Butterflies | ||||||||||||||||
| but_flight | ++ | NA | Early emergence favorable bc disturbance starts early | Börschig et al. 2013 | NA | NA | 0.25 | 0.09 - 0.41 | 0.0047448 | ✅ | 0.77 | 0.36 | -0.37 | 0.25 | 0.09 - 0.41 | ✅ |
| but_GenYear | ++ | NA | High reproduction can compensate mortality due to disturbance | Börschig et al. 2013 | NA | NA | 0.23 | 0.07 - 0.39 | 0.0104904 | ✅ | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.23 | 0.07 - 0.39 | ✅ |
| but_hibernation | ++ | NA | Later hibernation stage means butterflies ready before disturbance | NA | NA | NA | 0.24 | 0.08 - 0.4 | 0.0062122 | ✅ | 0.73 | 0.30 | -0.33 | 0.25 | 0.09 - 0.41 | ✅ |
| but_Size | ++ | NA | Larger wings = more dispersal | Börschig et al. 2013 | NA | NA | -0.12 | -0.28 - 0.05 | 0.2292461 | Inconclusive | 0.06 | 0.07 | -0.21 | -0.13 | -0.29 - 0.03 | Inconclusive |
| but_Generalism | ++ | NA | NA | NA | High nutrients = low plant diversity, hence more generalists | NA | 0.28 | 0.12 - 0.44 | 0.0018800 | ✅ | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.28 | 0.12 - 0.44 | ✅ |
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arthropods (above, omnicarnivores) | ||||||||||||||||
| Aoc_BodySize | – | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.08 | -0.08 - 0.25 | 0.4014453 | Inconclusive | 0.11 | -0.27 | 0.08 | 0.08 | -0.08 - 0.25 | Inconclusive |
| Aoc_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.32 | 0.17 - 0.48 | 0.0003525 | ✅ | 0.67 | 0.34 | -0.27 | 0.32 | 0.17 - 0.48 | ✅ |
| Arthropods (below, predators) | ||||||||||||||||
| Aoc_b_BodySize | – | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.01 | -0.17 - 0.15 | 0.9357700 | Inconclusive | 0.13 | 0.02 | -0.08 | -0.01 | -0.17 - 0.15 | Inconclusive |
| Aoc_b_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.11 | -0.05 - 0.27 | 0.2588871 | Inconclusive | -0.04 | -0.05 | 0.18 | 0.11 | -0.05 - 0.27 | Inconclusive |
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protists | ||||||||||||||||
| P_patho | ++ | NA | More bacteria = more bacterivores | NA | NA | NA | 0.46 | 0.32 - 0.61 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.45 | 0.40 | 0.08 | 0.46 | 0.32 - 0.61 | ✅ |
| Protists bacterivores | ||||||||||||||||
| Pb_Size | – | NA | a/ More nutrients = more resources to grow. b/ Disturbance selects smaller size | NA | NA | NA | -0.27 | -0.43 - -0.11 | 0.0022118 | ✅ | -0.24 | -0.09 | -0.14 | -0.27 | -0.43 - -0.11 | ✅ |
| Protists predators | ||||||||||||||||
| Ps_Size | – | NA | a/ More nutrients = more resources to grow. b/ Disturbance selects smaller size | NA | NA | NA | -0.31 | -0.46 - -0.15 | 0.0005875 | ✅ | -0.06 | -0.15 | -0.28 | -0.31 | -0.46 - -0.15 | ✅ |
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birds (insectivorous) | ||||||||||||||||
| Bi_Size | ++ | NA | more = fast | NA | NA | NA | 0.31 | 0.16 - 0.47 | 0.0005640 | ✅ | 0.30 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.31 | 0.16 - 0.47 | ✅ |
| Bi_Incub | ++ | NA | more = disturbance | NA | NA | NA | 0.18 | 0.02 - 0.34 | 0.0518988 | ✔ | 0.32 | 0.07 | -0.03 | 0.18 | 0.02 - 0.34 | ✔ |
| Bi_TOffsprings | – | I | Small = fast | NA | NA | NA | -0.15 | -0.31 - 0.01 | 0.1079747 | Inconclusive | -0.38 | -0.06 | 0.10 | -0.15 | -0.31 - 0.01 | Inconclusive |
| Bi_GenLength | – | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.27 | 0.11 - 0.42 | 0.0029932 | ❌ | 0.32 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.27 | 0.11 - 0.42 | ❌ |
| Bi_AgeMax | – | I | Small = fast | NA | NA | NA | 0.30 | 0.15 - 0.46 | 0.0007231 | ❌ | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.30 | 0.15 - 0.46 | ❌ |
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mites | ||||||||||||||||
| mites_DaysAdult | – | NA | longer lifespan = slow | NA | NA | NA | -0.05 | -0.22 - 0.12 | 0.6927679 | Inconclusive | 0.08 | -0.14 | -0.06 | -0.05 | -0.22 - 0.12 | Inconclusive |
| mites_Mass | – | NA | Mass = size = slow | NA | NA | NA | -0.16 | -0.32 - 0.01 | 0.1046641 | Inconclusive | 0.19 | -0.12 | -0.30 | -0.16 | -0.32 - 0.01 | Inconclusive |
| mites_Sex | – | I | Habitat openness = sexual repro, more LUI = more growth | NA | NA | NA | 0.01 | -0.16 - 0.18 | 0.9351016 | Inconclusive | 0.28 | 0.01 | -0.21 | 0.01 | -0.16 - 0.18 | Inconclusive |
| mites_Hab_spec | ++ | NA | more disturbance = more in the soil | NA | NA | NA | -0.03 | -0.2 - 0.14 | 0.8138542 | Inconclusive | -0.05 | -0.10 | 0.02 | -0.03 | -0.2 - 0.14 | Inconclusive |
| mites_Feed_spec | ++ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.12 | -0.04 - 0.29 | 0.2139969 | Inconclusive | 0.23 | 0.07 | -0.06 | 0.12 | -0.04 - 0.29 | Inconclusive |
## NULL
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Collembola | ||||||||||||||||
| col_Sex | – | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.01 | -0.16 - 0.18 | 0.9411600 | Inconclusive | 0.03 | 0.08 | -0.04 | 0.01 | -0.16 - 0.17 | Inconclusive |
| col_Gen_per_Year | ++ | NA | Furca = escape disturbance | NA | NA | NA | -0.09 | -0.26 - 0.08 | 0.3999297 | Inconclusive | 0.26 | -0.01 | -0.30 | -0.09 | -0.26 - 0.08 | Inconclusive |
| col_Depth | ++ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | -0.01 | -0.18 - 0.16 | 0.9285170 | Inconclusive | -0.07 | -0.09 | 0.06 | -0.01 | -0.18 - 0.16 | Inconclusive |
| col_Size | – | NA | a/ more resources or b/ selected | NA | NA | NA | 0.04 | -0.13 - 0.21 | 0.7161345 | Inconclusive | -0.23 | -0.09 | 0.24 | 0.04 | -0.13 - 0.21 | Inconclusive |
## NULL
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bats | ||||||||||||||||
| bat_mass | – | NA | Large more sensitive to disturbance BUT large less sensitive to urbanisation?? | Farneda et al. 2015, Moir et al. 2021 , Jung et al 2018 | NA | NA | -0.17 | -0.33 - -0.01 | 0.0624926 | ✔ | 0.03 | 0.14 | -0.29 | -0.17 | -0.33 - -0.01 | ✔ |
| bat_lifespan | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.06 | -0.1 - 0.23 | 0.5392508 | Inconclusive | -0.18 | -0.30 | 0.30 | 0.06 | -0.1 - 0.23 | Inconclusive |
| bat_offspring | ++ | NA | opposite to size | NA | NA | NA | -0.16 | -0.32 - 0.01 | 0.0983643 | Inconclusive | 0.15 | 0.27 | -0.39 | -0.16 | -0.32 - 0.01 | Inconclusive |
## NULL
##
## Pearson's product-moment correlation
##
## data: PCA_pca$ind$coord[, 1] and env_data_lui[Plot %in% dd$Plot, ]$LUI
## t = 6.5034, df = 148, p-value = 1.135e-09
## alternative hypothesis: true correlation is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.3366118 0.5873277
## sample estimates:
## cor
## 0.471441
## [1] "Direct"
## [1] "Indirect"
## [1] "Total"
## [1] "Direct"
## [1] "Indirect"
## [1] "Total"
## [1] "Direct"
## [1] "Indirect"
## [1] "Total"
## [1] "Direct"
## [1] "Indirect"
## [1] "Total"
## cfi rmsea rmsea.ci.upper bic
## 0.979 0.181 0.333 2400.988
## quartz_off_screen
## 2
## lavaan 0.6-9 ended normally after 19 iterations
##
## Estimator ML
## Optimization method NLMINB
## Number of model parameters 40
##
## Used Total
## Number of observations 120 150
##
## Model Test User Model:
##
## Test statistic 12.932
## Degrees of freedom 4
## P-value (Chi-square) 0.012
##
## Parameter Estimates:
##
## Standard errors Standard
## Information Expected
## Information saturated (h1) model Structured
##
## Regressions:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) Std.lv Std.all
## plant ~
## LUI 0.568 0.077 7.368 0.000 0.568 0.558
## Protists_patho ~
## LUI 0.291 0.092 3.152 0.002 0.291 0.285
## plant 0.364 0.091 4.008 0.000 0.364 0.362
## Microbes ~
## LUI -0.066 0.087 -0.757 0.449 -0.066 -0.069
## plant 0.571 0.086 6.650 0.000 0.571 0.603
## Protists_bact ~
## LUI 0.270 0.103 2.620 0.009 0.270 0.286
## plant 0.049 0.119 0.410 0.682 0.049 0.053
## Microbes -0.158 0.103 -1.533 0.125 -0.158 -0.162
## Protists_patho 0.001 0.097 0.011 0.992 0.001 0.001
## Protists_sec ~
## LUI 0.197 0.103 1.922 0.055 0.197 0.210
## Protists_bact -0.056 0.088 -0.639 0.523 -0.056 -0.057
## plant -0.012 0.115 -0.101 0.920 -0.012 -0.013
## Microbes 0.167 0.101 1.652 0.098 0.167 0.172
## Protists_patho 0.119 0.094 1.260 0.208 0.119 0.130
## Mites ~
## LUI 0.037 0.109 0.341 0.733 0.037 0.039
## plant 0.122 0.121 1.004 0.315 0.122 0.129
## Microbes 0.190 0.107 1.771 0.077 0.190 0.191
## Protists_sec -0.031 0.096 -0.325 0.745 -0.031 -0.030
## Protists_bact 0.124 0.093 1.327 0.184 0.124 0.121
## Protists_patho -0.234 0.100 -2.341 0.019 -0.234 -0.249
## Coll ~
## LUI 0.043 0.115 0.378 0.705 0.043 0.044
## Microbes -0.201 0.113 -1.784 0.074 -0.201 -0.197
## plant 0.143 0.127 1.121 0.262 0.143 0.148
## Protists_sec -0.064 0.101 -0.634 0.526 -0.064 -0.061
## Protists_bact -0.105 0.098 -1.078 0.281 -0.105 -0.101
## Protists_patho -0.117 0.105 -1.116 0.264 -0.117 -0.122
## Arth_omnicarni_below ~
## LUI 0.094 0.102 0.922 0.356 0.094 0.097
## Mites 0.353 0.086 4.096 0.000 0.353 0.349
## Coll -0.230 0.082 -2.801 0.005 -0.230 -0.234
## Protists_sec -0.022 0.091 -0.240 0.810 -0.022 -0.021
## plant -0.112 0.103 -1.089 0.276 -0.112 -0.118
## Protists_patho 0.048 0.099 0.489 0.625 0.048 0.051
##
## Variances:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) Std.lv Std.all
## .plant 0.761 0.098 7.746 0.000 0.761 0.689
## .Protists_patho 0.753 0.097 7.746 0.000 0.753 0.673
## .Microbes 0.672 0.087 7.746 0.000 0.672 0.678
## .Protists_bact 0.858 0.111 7.746 0.000 0.858 0.906
## .Protists_sec 0.804 0.104 7.746 0.000 0.804 0.862
## .Mites 0.889 0.115 7.746 0.000 0.889 0.905
## .Coll 0.982 0.127 7.746 0.000 0.982 0.951
## .Arth_mncrn_blw 0.822 0.106 7.746 0.000 0.822 0.819
## lavaan 0.6-9 ended normally after 19 iterations
##
## Estimator ML
## Optimization method NLMINB
## Number of model parameters 36
##
## Used Total
## Number of observations 120 150
##
## Model Test User Model:
##
## Test statistic 19.371
## Degrees of freedom 8
## P-value (Chi-square) 0.013
##
## Parameter Estimates:
##
## Standard errors Standard
## Information Expected
## Information saturated (h1) model Structured
##
## Regressions:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) Std.lv Std.all
## plant ~
## LUI 0.568 0.077 7.368 0.000 0.568 0.558
## Protists_patho ~
## LUI 0.289 0.092 3.128 0.002 0.289 0.282
## plant 0.368 0.091 4.058 0.000 0.368 0.366
## Microbes ~
## LUI -0.066 0.087 -0.757 0.449 -0.066 -0.069
## plant 0.571 0.086 6.650 0.000 0.571 0.603
## Protists_bact ~
## LUI 0.270 0.099 2.729 0.006 0.270 0.287
## plant 0.049 0.113 0.431 0.666 0.049 0.053
## Microbes -0.158 0.103 -1.530 0.126 -0.158 -0.161
## Protists_sec ~
## LUI 0.234 0.099 2.356 0.018 0.234 0.249
## plant 0.011 0.111 0.098 0.922 0.011 0.012
## Microbes 0.203 0.101 2.002 0.045 0.203 0.208
## Protists_bact -0.056 0.089 -0.634 0.526 -0.056 -0.056
## Mites ~
## LUI -0.030 0.108 -0.277 0.782 -0.030 -0.032
## plant 0.078 0.118 0.659 0.510 0.078 0.083
## Microbes 0.123 0.110 1.117 0.264 0.123 0.124
## Protists_sec -0.055 0.097 -0.562 0.574 -0.055 -0.054
## Protists_bact 0.122 0.095 1.284 0.199 0.122 0.121
## Coll ~
## LUI 0.010 0.112 0.087 0.931 0.010 0.010
## plant 0.121 0.122 0.989 0.323 0.121 0.124
## Microbes -0.234 0.114 -2.061 0.039 -0.234 -0.229
## Protists_bact -0.106 0.098 -1.081 0.280 -0.106 -0.101
## Protists_sec -0.076 0.101 -0.752 0.452 -0.076 -0.072
## Arth_omnicarni_below ~
## LUI 0.023 0.087 0.263 0.793 0.023 0.024
## Mites 0.332 0.084 3.926 0.000 0.332 0.324
## Coll -0.222 0.081 -2.730 0.006 -0.222 -0.226
## Protists_sec -0.022 0.090 -0.243 0.808 -0.022 -0.021
## Protists_bact 0.127 0.089 1.430 0.153 0.127 0.123
##
## Covariances:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) Std.lv Std.all
## .Protists_patho ~~
## .Arth_mncrn_blw 0.039 0.072 0.539 0.590 0.039 0.049
##
## Variances:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) Std.lv Std.all
## .plant 0.761 0.098 7.746 0.000 0.761 0.689
## .Protists_patho 0.753 0.097 7.746 0.000 0.753 0.672
## .Microbes 0.672 0.087 7.746 0.000 0.672 0.678
## .Protists_bact 0.858 0.111 7.746 0.000 0.858 0.907
## .Protists_sec 0.814 0.105 7.746 0.000 0.814 0.864
## .Mites 0.927 0.120 7.746 0.000 0.927 0.959
## .Coll 0.991 0.128 7.746 0.000 0.991 0.951
## .Arth_mncrn_blw 0.817 0.105 7.746 0.000 0.817 0.809
## cfi rmsea rmsea.ci.upper bic
## 0.940 0.109 0.172 2704.408
## [1] "Direct"
## [1] "Indirect"
## [1] "Total"
## [1] "Direct"
## [1] "Indirect"
## [1] "Total"
## [1] "Direct"
## [1] "Indirect"
## [1] "Total"
## [1] "Direct"
## [1] "Indirect"
## [1] "Total"
## cfi rmsea rmsea.ci.upper bic
## 0.999 0.012 0.097 3262.850
## quartz_off_screen
## 2
##
## Attaching package: 'scales'
## The following object is masked from 'package:purrr':
##
## discard
## The following object is masked from 'package:readr':
##
## col_factor
## The following object is masked from 'package:viridis':
##
## viridis_pal
## Scale for 'size' is already present. Adding another scale for 'size', which
## will replace the existing scale.
## Run above-ground model, full model
## `set.seed(1)` was used to initialize repeatable random subsampling.
## Please record this for your records so others can reproduce.
## Try `set.seed(1); .Random.seed` for the full vector
## ...
## 50OTUs were removed because they are no longer
## present in any sample after random subsampling
## ...
## `set.seed(1)` was used to initialize repeatable random subsampling.
## Please record this for your records so others can reproduce.
## Try `set.seed(1); .Random.seed` for the full vector
## ...
## 11288OTUs were removed because they are no longer
## present in any sample after random subsampling
## ...
## [1] 496
## [1] 496
## quartz_off_screen
## 2
## quartz_off_screen
## 2
##
## Pearson's product-moment correlation
##
## data: Dim.1_all and Dim.1_fun
## t = 5.8402, df = 148, p-value = 3.184e-08
## alternative hypothesis: true correlation is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.2928258 0.5545752
## sample estimates:
## cor
## 0.4327777
## Start: AIC=35.65
## Dim.1_fun ~ Dim.1_all
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## <none> 185.24 35.654
## - Dim.1_all 1 42.691 227.93 64.762
## Start: AIC=51.94
## Dim.1_fun ~ Dim.1_mic
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## <none> 206.48 51.938
## - Dim.1_mic 1 21.448 227.93 64.762
## Start: AIC=58.47
## Dim.1_fun ~ Dim.1_plants
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## <none> 215.68 58.472
## - Dim.1_plants 1 12.255 227.93 64.762
## Start: AIC=53.07
## Dim.1_fun ~ multidiv
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## <none> 208.05 53.073
## - multidiv 1 19.88 227.93 64.762
## Start: AIC=53.87
## Dim.1_fun ~ LUI
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## <none> 209.16 53.866
## - LUI 1 18.777 227.93 64.762
## Model Estimate (sd)
## 1 Functions slow-fast ~ entire community slow-fast 0.29 (0.05)
## 2 Functions slow-fast ~ plants slow-fast 0.16 (0.06)
## 3 Functions slow-fast ~ bacteria and fungi slow-fast -0.25 (0.06)
## 4 Functions slow-fast ~ LUI 0.35 (0.1)
## 5 Functions slow-fast ~ taxonomic multidiversity -0.37 (0.1)
## Pval R2 adj.P
## 1 3.18431138695422e-08 0.18 1.592156e-07
## 2 0.0043017352183886 0.05 4.301735e-03
## 3 0.000134527981309077 0.09 3.363200e-04
## 4 0.000369319089321567 0.08 4.616489e-04
## 5 0.000243567565734863 0.08 4.059459e-04
## lavaan 0.6-9 ended normally after 16 iterations
##
## Estimator ML
## Optimization method NLMINB
## Number of model parameters 5
##
## Number of observations 150
##
## Model Test User Model:
##
## Test statistic 0.000
## Degrees of freedom 0
##
## Parameter Estimates:
##
## Standard errors Bootstrap
## Number of requested bootstrap draws 1000
## Number of successful bootstrap draws 1000
##
## Regressions:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|)
## Dim.1_fun ~
## LUI (d) 0.132 0.087 1.511 0.131
## Dim.1_all (a) 0.254 0.059 4.306 0.000
## Dim.1_all ~
## LUI (b) 0.878 0.150 5.874 0.000
##
## Variances:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|)
## .Dim.1_fun 1.221 0.144 8.455 0.000
## .Dim.1_all 2.681 0.290 9.258 0.000
##
## Defined Parameters:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|)
## indirect 0.223 0.066 3.403 0.001
## total 0.355 0.081 4.404 0.000
## diff 0.091 0.132 0.691 0.490
## quartz_off_screen
## 2